Loss of smell in patients with traumatic brain injury is associated with neuropsychiatric behavioral alterations

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This work was supported by a research grant (110610) from Fundacio La Marato TV3.

Analysis of institutional authors

Laxe García, SaraAuthorLangdon CCorresponding AuthorLehrer EAuthorBerenguer JAuthorAlobid IAuthorMarin CAuthorMullol JCorresponding Author

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Article

Publicated to:Brain Injury. 35 (11): 1418-1424 - 2021-09-19 35(11), DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1972447

Authors: Langdon, Cristobal; Laxe, Sara; Lehrer, Eduardo; Berenguer, Joan; Alobid, Isam; Quinto, Llorenc; Marino-Sanchez, Franklin; Bernabeu, Montserrat; Marin, Concepcio; Mullol, Joaquim

Affiliations

Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias - Author

Ctr Invest Biomed Red Enfermedades Resp CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Fundacio Inst Invest Ciencies Salut Germans Trias, Badalona, Spain - Author

Fundacio Institut dInvestigacio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol - Author

Hosp Clin Barcelona, Dept Radiol, Neuroradiol Unit, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Hosp Clin Barcelona, ENT Dept, Rhinol Unit, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Hosp Clin Barcelona, ENT Dept, Smell Clin, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Hosp Clin Barcelona, Imaging Diagnost Ctr, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Hosp Clin Barcelona, Phys Med & Rehabil Dept, ICEMEQ, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Hosp Univ Ramon y Cajal, ENT Dept, Rhinol & Skull Base Surg Unit, Madrid, Spain - Author

Hospital Clinic Barcelona - Author

Hospital Ramón y Cajal - Author

Inst Invest Biomed August Pi & Sunyer IDIBAPS, Immunoallergia Resp Clin & Expt IRCE, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer - IDIBAPS - Author

Institut Guttmann - Author

Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Inst Univ Neurorehabil Adscrit, Fdn Inst Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Univ Barcelona, Inst Salut Global Barcelona, Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain - Author

Universitat de Barcelona - Author

Abstract

Objective: We sought to identify and correlate the severity of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) associated with olfactory dysfunction with cognitive and behavioral profiles. Participants and Setting: Patients with TBI undergoing treatment in a specialized neuro-rehabilitation hospital. Design: Prospective study. Main Measures: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at the time of injury and during posttraumatic amnesia. Motor functions were assessed with the Functional Instrument Measure and Disability Rating Scales. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence test was used for neuropsychologic assessment and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory was used to assess behavioral changes. The Barcelona Smell Test-24 was used to study subjective smell loss. Results: A total of 111 patients with TBI were enrolled (33 females; mean age 32.86 years); 38.73% exhibited smell loss. Patients with no olfactory impairment (OI) had worse TBIs than those with OI (GCS scores 5.65 and 7.74, respectively); no significant differences in cognitive behaviors, such as attention memory, visuoperception, and visuoconstruction, were observed. However, patients with TBI and olfactory dysfunction showed statistically significant alterations in neuropsychiatric behavioral performances such as feeding when compared with patients with TBI without smell loss. Conclusion: Olfactory dysfunction in patients with a TBI correlates with altered neuropsychiatric behavioral performances such as feeding, sleeping, and motor behavior.

Keywords

deficitsdepressiondiagnosisdisordersepidemiologyhead traumalifeneuropsychiatric disordersodor identificationolfactory disorderolfactory dysfunctiontraumatic brain injuryvalidationAdultAnosmiaBrain injuries, traumaticFemaleGlasgow coma scaleHead traumaHumansLoss of smellNeuropsychiatric disordersOlfactory disorderPrognostic-significanceProspective studiesSmellTraumatic brain injury

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Brain Injury due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Developmental and Educational Psychology. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q3 for the agency WoS (JCR) in the category Rehabilitation.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 2.52, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions May 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-05-11, the following number of citations:

WoS: 5
Scopus: 5
Europe PMC: 3
OpenCitations: 5

Impact and social visibility

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Langdon Montero, Cristobal) .