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Analysis of institutional authors

De Medrano, Jaime I SainzAuthorRico, NayraAuthorMaduell, FranciscoAuthorMorales-Ruiz, ManuelCorresponding AuthorCasals, GregoriCorresponding Author

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March 8, 2025
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Article

Validation of an LC-HRMS Method for Quantifying Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresyl Sulfate in Human Serum

Publicated to: Molecules. 30 (4): 782- - 2025-02-01 30(4), DOI: 10.3390/molecules30040782

Authors:

Rodríguez-García, M; Martínez, I; Aliart, I; de Medrano, JIS; Rico, N; Escudero-Saiz, VJ; Maduell, F; Morales-Ruiz, M; Casals, G
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Affiliations

Ctr Invest Biomed Red Enfermedades Hepat & Digest, Madrid 28029, Spain - Author
Hosp Clin Barcelona, Biochem & Mol Genet Dept, CDB, Barcelona 08036, Spain - Author
Hosp Clin Barcelona, Nephrol & Renal Transplantat, Barcelona 08036, Spain - Author
Inst Invest Biomed August Pi I Sunyer IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain - Author
Univ Barcelona, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Biomed, Barcelona 08036, Spain - Author
Univ Barcelona, Fac Nursing, Dept Fundamental & Clin Nursing, Lhospitalet De Llobregat 08907, Barcelona, Spain - Author
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Abstract

Accurate quantification of indoxyl sulfate (IndS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) is essential for understanding their role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and for developing strategies to mitigate their harmful effects, including cardiovascular morbidity and renal fibrosis. Advances in liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) enable the integration of powerful diagnostic tools into clinical laboratories. Along with accurate quantification, precise mass measurements allow for untargeted compound identification. Methods. An LC-HRMS was validated for quantifying IndS and pCS in human serum, following EMA guidelines. The method involved protein precipitation with methanol, micro-LC for chromatographic separation, and detection based on accurate mass, with simultaneous high-resolution full-scan acquisition. Clinical samples from patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency and samples obtained before and after hemodiafiltration were analyzed. Results. The method demonstrated acceptable linearity, precision, and accuracy. The measurement range for both analytes was from 100 to 40,000 ng/mL. Serum levels of IndS and pCS correlated with decreased renal function. After hemodiafiltration, there was a significant reduction of IndS (50%) and pCS (43%). Simultaneous untargeted analysis allowed to identify metabolites significantly underexpressed after hemodiafiltration. Conclusions. An accurate LC-HRMS method was validated for the quantification of IndS and pCS serum levels in patients with CKD, providing insights into toxin dynamics and enabling untargeted metabolic evaluation.
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Keywords

4-cresol sulfateBound uremic toxinsChromatography, liquidChronic kidney diseaseCresolsCromatografia de líquids d'alta resolucióEspectrometria de massesFemaleHemodiafiltrationHigh performance liquid chromatographyHigh-resolution mass spectrometryHumansIndicanKidney diseasesMalalties del ronyóMaleMass spectrometryMetabolomicMetabolómicaMetabolomicsMicro-liquid chromatographyMiddle agedMs/mQuantificationRemovalRenal insufficiency, chronicReproducibility of resultsSulfuric acid estersUremic toxins

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Molecules due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category .

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-01-03:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 5 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
    • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/221512
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    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (Casals Mercadal, Gregori).

    the authors responsible for correspondence tasks have been Morales Ruiz, Manuel and Casals Mercadal, Gregori.

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    Awards linked to the item

    This study was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI24/00688 to G.C.), co-financed by FEDER, European Union, "A way of making Europe"; Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (Project PID2022-138243OB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, UE, to M.M.-R.). Consolidated Research Group, Departament de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 00881 to M.M.-R.). CIBERehd is financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.
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