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Analysis of institutional authors

Milano, ChiaraAuthorSpatola, MariannaCorresponding Author

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March 13, 2025
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Mechanisms of autoimmune encephalitis

Publicated to: CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY. 37 (3): 305-315 - 2024-06-01 37(3), DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001270

Authors:

Papi, Claudia; Milano, Chiara; Spatola, Marianna
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Affiliations

Catholic Univ, Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy - Author
Fundacio Recerca Biomed Clin Inst Invest Biomed Au, Barcelona, Spain - Author
Univ Pisa, Dept Clin & Expt Med, Pisa, Italy - Author
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Abstract

Purpose of reviewTo provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in autoimmune encephalitides mediated by antibodies against neuronal surface antigens, with a focus on NMDAR and LGI1 encephalitis.Recent findingsIn antibody-mediated encephalitides, binding of IgG antibodies to neuronal surface antigens results in different pathogenic effects depending on the type of antibody, IgG subclass and epitope specificity. NMDAR IgG1 antibodies cause crosslinking and internalization of the target, synaptic and brain circuitry alterations, as well as alterations of NMDAR expressing oligodendrocytes, suggesting a link with white matter lesions observed in MRI studies. LGI1 IgG4 antibodies, instead, induce neuronal dysfunction by disrupting the interaction with cognate proteins and altering AMPAR-mediated signaling. In-vitro findings have been corroborated by memory and behavioral changes in animal models obtained by passive transfer of patients' antibodies or active immunization. These models have been fundamental to identify targets for innovative therapeutic strategies, aimed at counteracting or preventing antibody effects, such as the use of soluble ephrin-B2, NMDAR modulators (e.g., pregnenolone, SGE-301) or chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells (CAART) in models of NMDAR encephalitis.SummaryA deep understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated encephalitides is crucial for the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting brain autoimmunity.
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Keywords

Active immunizationAlpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acidAlpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acid receptorAnimalAnimal modelsAnimalsAnti nmda receptor encephalitisAnti-lgi1 encephalitisAntibody-mediated encephalitisAutoantibodiesAutoantibodyAutoimmune encephalitisAutoimmunityBinding affinityBrain autoimmunityCase seriesCerebrospinal-fluidChimeric autoantibody receptor t cellClinical-featureCognitive impairmentCross linkingEncephalitisEphrin b2EpitopeExperimental modelGaba(a) receptorGlycoproteinHashimoto diseaseHashimoto encephalitisHashimoto's encephalitisHumanHumansImmune-checkpoint inhibitorsImmunoglobulin gImmunoglobulin g antibodyImmunologyIn vitro studyInternalization (cell)Intracellular signaling peptides and proteinsLeucine rich glioma inactivated 1Leucine rich glioma inactivated 1 encephalitisLgi1 protein, humanLimbic encephalitisMembrane antigenMetabolismN methyl dextro aspartic acid receptorNerve cellNeurological adverse eventsNeuronal dysfunctionNeuronal surface antibodieNeuronal surface antibodiesNmda-receptor encephalitisNonhumanNuclear magnetic resonance imagingOligodendrogliaPregnenolonePrognostic-factorsProteinProteinsReceptors, n-methyl-d-aspartateRegulatory mechanismReviewSge 301Signal peptideUnclassified drugWhite matter lesion

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2024 there are still no calculated indicators, but in 2023, it was in position 45/286, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Clinical Neurology.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2026-04-25:

  • WoS: 4
  • Scopus: 1
  • Europe PMC: 10
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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-25:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 19 (PlumX).
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Italy.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Papi, Claudia) and Last Author (Spatola, Marianna).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Spatola, Marianna.

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Awards linked to the item

C.P. receives support from the Research Training Fellowship of the European Academy of Neurology. M.S. receives personal research support by La Caixa Foundation (Spain) and Carlos III Spanish Institute of Health (FIS Grant, PI23/01366).
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